NEW QUESTION 12
What is a weakness introduced into the WLAN environment when WPA2-Personal is used for security?
Explanation
The weakness introduced into WLAN environment when WPA2-Personal is used for security is that PMK Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is a key that is derived from PSK Pre-shared Key (PSK) is a key that is shared between two parties before communication begins , which are both fixed. This means that all users who know PSK can generate PMK without any authentication process. This also means that if PSK or PMK are compromised by an attacker, they can be used to decrypt all traffic encrypted with PTK Pairwise Temporal Key (PTK) is a key that is derived from PMK, ANonce AuthenticatorNonce (ANonce) is a random number generated by an authenticator (a device that controls access to network resources, such as an AP), SNonce Supplicant Nonce (SNonce) is a random number generated by supplicant (a device that wants to access network resources, such as an STA), AA Authenticator Address (AA) is MAC address of authenticator, SA Supplicant Address (SA) is MAC address of supplicant using Pseudo-Random Function (PRF). PTK consists of four subkeys: KCK Key Confirmation Key (KCK) is used for message integrity check, KEK Key Encryption Key (KEK) is used for encryption key distribution, TK Temporal Key (TK) is used for data encryption, MIC Message Integrity Code (MIC) key. .
The other options are not weaknesses because:
It uses X 509 certificates generated by a Certification Authority: This option is false because WPA2-Personal does not use X 509 certificates or Certification Authority for authentication. X 509 certificates and Certification Authority are used in WPA2-Enterprise mode, which uses 802.1X and EAP Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) is an authentication framework that provides support for multiple authentication methods, such as passwords, certificates, tokens, or biometrics. EAP is used in wireless networks and point-to-point connections to provide secure authentication between a supplicant (a device that wants to access the network) and an authentication server (a device that verifies the credentials of the supplicant). for user authentication with a RADIUS server Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) is a network protocol that provides centralized authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) management for users who connect and use a network service .
The Pairwise Temporal Key (PTK) is specific to each session: This option is false because PTK being specific to each session is not a weakness but a strength of WPA2-Personal. PTK being specific to each session means that it changes periodically during communication based on time or number of packets transmitted. This prevents replay attacks and increases security of data encryption.
It does not use the WPA 4-Way Handshake: This option is false because WPA2-Personal does use the WPA 4-Way Handshake for key negotiation. The WPA 4-Way Handshake is a process that allows the station and the access point to exchange ANonce and SNonce and derive PTK from PMK. The WPA
4-Way Handshake also allows the station and the access point to verify each other’s PMK and confirm the installation of PTK.
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi_Protected_Access#WPA_key_hierarchy_and_management
https://www.cwnp.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/WPA2.pdf
NEW QUESTION 15
What is indicated by a solid amber radio status LED on an Aruba AP?
Explanation
The solid amber radio status LED on an Aruba AP Access Point (AP) Access Point (AP) is a device that connects wireless devices to a wired network using Wi-Fi or other wireless standards . APs act as transmitters and receivers of wireless signals and provide wireless coverage for a specific area . APs can operate in different modes such as root , repeater , bridge , mesh , etc . APs can also support different features such as security , QoS , roaming , load balancing , etc . APs can be standalone devices or managed by controllers or cloud services . APs can be verified by using commands such as show ap active , show ap database , show ap bss-table , etc . indicates that the radio is enabled in monitor or spectrum analysis mode. Monitor mode is a mode that allows the AP to scan all channels and collect information about wireless traffic, interference, rogue devices, etc. Spectrum analysis mode is a mode that allows the AP to scan all channels and collect information about RF Radio Frequency (RF) Radio Frequency (RF) is a term that refers to electromagnetic waves that have frequencies between 3 kHz and 300 GHz . RF waves are used for various purposes such as communication , broadcasting , radar , navigation , remote control , etc . RF waves can be modulated by changing their amplitude , frequency , or phase to encode information . RF waves can also be affected by various factors such as attenuation , reflection , refraction , diffraction , scattering , interference , noise , etc . RF waves can be measured by using devices such as spectrum analyzers , power meters , antennas , etc . environment, noise sources, channel utilization, etc. Both modes are useful for troubleshooting and optimizing wireless performance, but they disable normal data transmission and reception on the radio.
The other options are not indicated by a solid amber radio status LED on an Aruba AP because:
Not enough PoE is provided from the switch to power both radios of the AP: This option is false because not enough PoE Power over Ethernet (PoE) Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a technology that allows network devices to receive power and data over the same Ethernet cable . PoE eliminates the need for separate power sources and cables for devices such as IP phones , cameras , access points , etc .
PoE is defined in IEEE 802.3af and IEEE 802.3at standards and supports different power classes and modes . PoE can be provided by switches or injectors that act as power sourcing equipment (PSE) and received by devices that act as powered devices (PD) . PoE can be verified by using commands suchas show power inline , show power-over-ethernet , debug ip device tracking , etc . is indicated by a blinking amber power status LED on an Aruba AP, not by a solid amber radio status LED. A blinking amber power status LED means that the AP is receiving insufficient power from the switch or injector and cannot operate normally. A solid green power status LED means that the AP is receiving sufficient power from the switch or injector and can operate normally.
The radio is working in mesh mode: This option is false because the radio working in mesh mode is indicated by a solid green radio status LED on an Aruba AP, not by a solid amber radio status LED. A solid green radio status LED means that the radio is working in normal mode or mesh mode and can transmit or receive data on the assigned channel. Mesh mode is a mode that allows the AP to connect wirelessly to other APs and form a mesh network without requiring wired connections.
The radio is working the 5 GHz band only: This option is false because the radio working in the 5 GHz band only is indicated by a solid blue radio status LED on an Aruba AP, not by a solid amber radio status LED. A solid blue radio status LED means that the radio is working in dual-band mode and can transmit or receive data on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands.
References:
https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/Instant_86_WebHelp/Content/instant-ug/ap-led-behavior.htm
https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/Instant_86_WebHelp/Content/instant-ug/troubleshooting/ap-monitor-m
https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/Instant_86_WebHelp/Content/instant-ug/troubleshooting/ap-spectrum
NEW QUESTION 18
Review the configuration below.
Why would you configure OSPF to use the IP address 10.1.200.1 as the router ID?
Explanation
The reason why you would configure OSPF Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that dynamically calculates the best routes for data transmission within an IP network. OSPF uses a hierarchical structure that divides a network into areas and assigns each router an identifier called router ID (RID). OSPF uses hello packets to discover neighbors and exchange routing information. OSPF uses Dijkstra’s algorithm to compute the shortest path tree (SPT) based on link costs and build a routing table based on SPT. OSPF supports multiple equal-cost paths, load balancing, authentication, and various network types such as broadcast, point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA), etc. OSPF is defined in RFC 2328 for IPv4 and RFC 5340 for IPv6. to use the IP address IP address Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. There are two versions of IP addresses: IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long and written in dotted-decimal notation, such as 192.168.1.1. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long and written in hexadecimal notation, such as 2001:db8::1. IP addresses can be either static (fixed) or dynamic (assigned by a DHCP server). 10.1.200.1 as the router ID Router ID (RID) Router ID (RID) is a unique identifier assigned to each router in a routing domain or protocol. RIDs are used by routing protocols such as OSPF, IS-IS, EIGRP, BGP, etc., to identify neighbors, exchange routing information, elect designated routers (DRs), etc.
RIDs are usually derived from one of the IP addresses configured on the router’s interfaces or loopbacks, or manually specified by network administrators. RIDs must be unique within a routing domain or protocol instance. is that the loopback interface state Loopback interface Loopback interface is a virtual interface on a router that does not correspond to any physical port or connection. Loopback interfaces are used for various purposes such as testing network connectivity, providing stable router IDs for routing protocols, providing management access to routers, etc. Loopback interfaces have some advantages over physical interfaces such as being always up unless administratively shut down, being independent of any hardware failures or link failures, being able to assign any IP address regardless of subnetting constraints, etc. Loopback interfaces are usually numbered from zero (e.g., loopback0) upwards on routers. Loopback interfaces can also be created on PCs or servers for testing or configuration purposes using special IP addresses reserved for loopback testing (e.g., 127.x.x.x for IPv4 or ::1 for IPv6). Loopback interfaces are also known as virtual interfaces or dummy interfaces . Loopback interface state Loopback interface state refers to whether a loopback interface is up or down on a router . A loopback interface state can be either administratively controlled (by using commands such as no shutdown or shutdown ) or automatically determined by routing protocols (by using commands such as passive-interface or ip ospf network point-to-point ). A loopback interface state affects how routing protocols use the IP address assigned to the loopback interface for neighbor discovery , router ID selection , route advertisement , etc . A loopback interface state can also affect how other devices can access or ping the loopback interface . A loopback interface state can be checked by using commands such as show ip interfacebrief or show ip ospf neighbor . is independent of any physical interface and reduces routing updates.
The loopback interface state is independent of any physical interface because it does not depend on any hardware or link status. This means that the loopback interface state will always be up unless it is manually shut down by an administrator. This also means that the loopback interface state will not change due to any physical failures or link failures that may affect other interfaces on the router.
The loopback interface state reduces routing updates because it provides a stable router ID for OSPF that does not change due to any physical failures or link failures that may affect other interfaces on the router. This means that OSPF will not have to re-elect DRs Designated Routers (DRs) Designated Routers (DRs) are routers that are elected by OSPF routers in a broadcast or non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA) network to act as leaders and coordinators of OSPF operations in that network. DRs are responsible for generating link-state advertisements (LSAs) for the entire network segment, maintaining adjacencies with all other routers in the segment, and exchanging routing information with other DRs in different segments through backup designated routers (BDRs). DRs are elected based on their router priority values and router IDs . The highest priority router becomes the DR and the second highest priority router becomes the BDR . If there is a tie in priority values , then the highest router ID wins . DRs can be manually configured by setting the router priority value to 0 (which means ineligible) or 255 (which means always eligible) on specific interfaces . DRs can also be influenced by using commands such as ip ospf priority , ip ospf dr-delay , ip ospf network point-to-multipoint , etc . DRs can be verified by using commands such as show ip ospf neighbor , show ip ospf interface , show ip ospf database , etc . , recalculate SPT Shortest Path Tree (SPT) Shortest Path Tree (SPT) is a data structure that represents the shortest paths from a source node to all other nodes in a graph or network . SPT is used by link-state routing protocols such as OSPF and IS-IS to compute optimal routes based on link costs . SPT is built using Dijkstra’s algorithm , which starts from the source node and iteratively adds nodes with the lowest cost paths to the tree until all nodes are included . SPT can be represented by a set of pointers from each node to its parent node in the tree , or by a set of next-hop addresses from each node to its destination node in the network . SPT can be updated by adding or removing nodes or links , or by changing link costs . SPT can be verified by using commands such as show ip route , show ip ospf database , show clns route , show clns database , etc . , or send LSAs Link-State Advertisements (LSAs) Link-State Advertisements (LSAs) are packets that contain information about the state and cost of links in a network segment . LSAs are generated and flooded by link-state routing protocols such as OSPF and IS-IS to exchange routing information with other routers in the same area or level . LSAs are used to build link-state databases (LSDBs) on each router , which store the complete topology of the network segment . LSAs are also used to compute shortest path trees (SPTs) on each router , which determine the optimal routes to all destinations in the network . LSAs have different types depending on their origin and scope , such as router LSAs , network LSAs , summary LSAs , external LSAs , etc . LSAs have different formats depending ontheir type and protocol version , but they usually contain fields such as LSA header , LSA type , LSA length , LSA age , LSA sequence number , LSA checksum , LSA body , etc . LSAs can be verified by using commands such as show ip ospf database , show clns database , debug ip ospf hello , debug clns hello , etc . due to changes in router IDs.
The other options are not reasons because:
The IP address associated with the loopback interface is non-routable and prevents loops: This option is false because the IP address associated with the loopback interface is routable and does not prevent loops. The IP address associated with the loopback interface can be any valid IP address that belongs to an existing subnet or a new subnet created specifically for loopbacks. The IP address associated with the loopback interface does not prevent loops because loops are caused by misconfigurations or failures in routing protocols or devices, not by IP addresses.
The loopback interface state is dependent on the management interface state and reduces routing updates: This option is false because the loopback interface state is independent of any physical interface state, including the management interface state Management interface Management interface is an interface on a device that provides access to management functions such as configuration, monitoring, troubleshooting, etc . Management interfaces can be physical ports such as console ports, Ethernet ports, USB ports, etc., or virtual ports such as Telnet sessions, SSH sessions, web sessions, etc . Management interfaces can use different protocols such as CLI Command-Line Interface (CLI) Command-Line Interface (CLI) is an interactive text-based user interface that allows users to communicate with devices using commands typed on a keyboard . CLI is one of the methods for accessing management functions on devices such as routers, switches, firewalls, servers, etc . CLI can use different protocols such as console port serial communication protocol Serial communication protocol Serial communication protocol is a method of transmitting data between devices using serial ports and cables . Serial communication protocol uses binary signals that represent bits (0s and 1s) and sends them one after another over a single wire . Serial communication protocol has advantages such as simplicity, low cost, long
NEW QUESTION 25
Match each AAA service with its correct definition (Matches may be used more than once or not at all)
Explanation
AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) is a framework that provides security services for network access control . AAA consists of three components:
Authentication: The process of verifying the identity of a user or device that wants to access the network based on credentials such as username and password , certificates , tokens , etc . Authentication can use different protocols such as PAP , CHAP , EAP , RADIUS , TACACS+ , etc .
Authorization: The process of granting or denying access to network resources based on the identity and privileges of a user or device . Authorization can use different methods such as ACLs , RBAC , MAC , DAC , etc .
Accounting: The process of recording and reporting the activities and usage of network resources by users or devices . Accounting can use different formats such as syslog , SNMP , NetFlow , etc .
service. Here is my answer:
The correct match for each AAA service with its definition is:
Accounting: C. Tracking user activity on the network
Authentication: D. Who can access the network based on credentials/certificates Authorization: B. Control users access on the network The other options are not correct matches because:
A list of rules that specifies which entities are permitted or denied access: This option is a definition of an access control list (ACL) Access Control List (ACL) Access Control List (ACL) is a list of rules that specifies which entities are permitted or denied access to a network resource such as a router , switch , firewall , server , etc . ACLs can be based on different criteria such as source and destination IP addresses , port numbers , protocol types , time of day , etc . ACLs can be applied to different interfaces or directions such as inbound or outbound . ACLs can be verified by using commands such as show access-lists , show ip access-lists , debug ip packet , etc . , not an AAA service.
Who can access the network based on credentials/certificates: This option is a definition of authentication, not authorization. Authorization is the process of granting or denying access to network resources based on the identity and privileges of a user or device, not based on credentials/certificates.
References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_(computer_security)
https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security-vpn/remote-authentication-dial-user-service-radius/13838-1
NEW QUESTION 26
Match the switching technology with the appropriate use case.
Explanation
USE CASE: a) Controls the dynamic addition and removal of ports to groups Technology: 3) LACP USE CASE: b) Tags Ethernet frames with an additional VLAN header Technology: 1) 802.1Q USE CASE: c) Used to authenticate EAP-Capable client on a switch port Technology: 2) 802.1X USE CASE: d) Used to identify a voice VLAN to an IP phone Technology: 4) LLDP The following table summarizes the switching technologies and their use cases:
Technology
Use case
1) 802.1Q
802.1Q is a standard that defines how to create and manage virtual LANs (VLANs) on a network. VLANs allow network administrators to logically segment a network into different broadcast domains, improving security, performance, and manageability. 802.1Q tags Ethernet frames with an additional VLAN header that contains a VLAN identifier (VID), which indicates which VLAN the frame belongs to1.
2) 802.1X
802.1X is a standard that defines how to provide port-based network access control (PNAC) on a network.
PNAC allows network administrators to authenticate and authorize devices before granting them access to network resources. 802.1X uses the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to exchange authentication messages between a supplicant (a device that wants to access the network), an authenticator (a device that controls access to the network, such as a switch), and an authentication server (a device that verifies the credentials of the supplicant, such as a RADIUS server)
3) LACP
LACP stands for Link Aggregation Control Protocol, which is part of the IEEE 802.3ad standard that defines how to bundle multiple physical links into a single logical link, also known as a link aggregation group (LAG) or an EtherChannel. LAGs provide increased bandwidth, load balancing, and redundancy for network connections. LACP controls the dynamic addition and removal of ports to groups, ensuring that only ports with compatible configurations can form a LAG3.
4) LLDP
LLDP stands for Link Layer Discovery Protocol, which is part of the IEEE 802.1AB standard that defines how to discover and advertise information about neighboring devices on a network. LLDP operates at Layer 2 of the OSI model and uses TLVs (type-length-value) to exchange information such as device name, port number, VLAN ID, capabilities, and power requirements. LLDP can be used to identify a voice VLAN to an IP phone by sending a TLV that contains the voice VLAN ID and priority.
References: 1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1Q 2 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.1X 3
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_aggregation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Layer_Discovery_Protocol
NEW QUESTION 27
Match the feature to the Aruba OS version (Matches may be used more than once.)
Explanation
Features: 1) Clustered Instant Access Points Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8 Features: 2) Dynamic Radius Proxy Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8 Features: 3) Scales to more than 10,000 devices Aruba OS version: b) Aruba OS 10 Features: 4) Unifies wired and wireless management Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8 Features: 5) Wireless controllers Aruba OS version: a) Aruba OS 8 ArubaOS is the operating system for all Aruba Mobility Controllers (MCs) and controller-managed wireless access points (APs). ArubaOS 8 delivers unified wired and wireless access, seamless roaming, enterprise grade security, and a highly available network with the required reliability to support high density environments1.
Some of the features of ArubaOS 8 are:
Clustered Instant Access Points: This feature allows multiple Instant APs to form a cluster and share configuration and state information. This enables seamless roaming, load balancing, and fast failover for clients2.
Dynamic Radius Proxy: This feature allows an MC to act as a proxy for RADIUS authentication requests from clients or APs. This simplifies the configuration and management of RADIUS servers and reduces the network traffic between MCs and RADIUS servers3.
Wireless controllers: Aruba wireless controllers are devices that centrally manage and control the wireless network. They provide functions such as AP provisioning, configuration, security, policy enforcement, and network optimization.
ArubaOS 10 is the next-generation operating system that works with Aruba Central, a cloud-based network management platform. ArubaOS 10 delivers greater scalability, security, and AI-powered optimization across large campuses, branches, and remote work environments. Some of the features of ArubaOS 10 are:
Scales to more than 10,000 devices: ArubaOS 10 can support up to 10,000 devices per cluster, which is ten times more than ArubaOS 8. This enables customers to scale their networks without compromising performance or reliability.
Unifies wired and wireless management: ArubaOS 10 provides a single platform for managing both wired and wireless devices across the network. Customers can use Aruba Central to configure, monitor, troubleshoot, and update their devices from anywhere.
Both ArubaOS 8 and ArubaOS 10 share some common features, such as:
Unifies wired and wireless management: Both operating systems provide unified wired and wireless access for customers who use Aruba switches and APs. Customers can use a single interface to manage their entire network infrastructure
https://www.arubanetworks.com/resource/arubaos-8-fundamental-guide/ 2
https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/Instant_86_WebHelp/Content/instant-ug/iap-maintenance/clust
3
https://www.arubanetworks.com/techdocs/ArubaOS_86_Web_Help/Content/arubaos-solutions/1-overview
https://www.arubanetworks.com/products/networking/controllers/
https://www.arubanetworks.com/products/network-management-operations/arubaos/
https://blogs.arubanetworks.com/solutions/making-the-switch/
https://www.arubanetworks.com/products/network-management-operations/aruba-central/
